Compaq Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS Manuel de service

Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMSConcepts and PlanningPart Number: AA-Q06TF-TEApril 2002Software Version: Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS Version

Related DocumentationThe following table lists the documents available with this version of CompaqTCP/IP Services for OpenVMS:ManualContentsCompaq TCP

Figure 9–2: Routing IPv6 Traffic from Host A to Host IHost A Host B Host CHost D Host E Host FHost G Host H Host IDepartment ADepartment BDepartment C

Figure 9–3: Routing IPv6 Traffic from Host I to Host AHost A Host B Host CHost D Host E Host FHost G Host H Host IDepartment ADepartment BDepartment C

Figure 9–4: Routing IPv6 Traffic from Host A to Host JHost A Host B Host CHost D Host E Host FHost G Host H Host IDepartment ADepartment BDepartment C

Figure 9–5: Routing IPv6 Traffic from Host A to Host KHost A Host B Host CHost D Host E Host FHost G Host H Host IDepartment ADepartment BDepartment C

testing IPv6 on the 6bone. For more information about 6bone address allocationand assignment, refer to the 6bone home page at the following location:h

For more information about configuring Domain Name System, refer to theCompaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS Guide to IPv6 manual.9.8 Configuring IPv6 Ro

• APIs and the AF_INET6 sockets• Developing applications that use AF_INET6 sockets and client/server code• Configuring the DNS/BIND server• Changing t

GlossaryThis glossary defines terms that pertain to the features and operation of theCompaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS product.absolute path nameA pa

address resolutionThe process of relating an IP address to a hardware address, when both refer tothe same device, for example, conversion of an IP add

of a client or server application. (2) Network management: Portion of an entitythat responds to management requests and/or preprogrammed trap.agent ac

Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMSSockets API and System ServicesProgrammingThis manual describes how to use theSockets API and OpenVMS system service

Application layerThe top-most layer in the Internet architecture model where the user interactswith an application such as Network File Service (NFS),

server returns a nonauthoritative answer when the server’s answer comes fromits own cache.autonomous confederationA group of independent computer syst

request is executed once in a foreground process. If the mount request fails, therequest is retried in a background process. This allows the local sys

blockA contiguous unit of user information grouped together for transmission, such asthe user data within a packet, excluding the protocol overhead.bo

broadcast circuitA circuit on which multiple nodes are connected. A message can be transmitted tomultiple receivers, and all nodes are adjacent.broadc

canonical nameThe main or official name for a host; other names for the same host are aliases.In a BIND configuration, you specify the canonical name

collisionThe condition in which two data packets are transmitted over a medium at thesame time, making both unintelligible.common address notationThe

contention controlThe scheme of access control used by many networks. Control is distributed amongthe nodes of the network. Any node wanting to transm

datagramA self-contained package of data carrying enough information to be routed fromsource to destination without reliance on earlier exchanges betw

for the multiaccess network and assists in running the protocol. The designatedrouter is elected by the HELLO protocol.destination addressThe IP addre

Reader’s CommentsCompaq welcomes your comments on this manual. Please send comments to eitherof the following addresses:Internet:[email protected]

distributed processingThe technology that enables the distribution throughout the network of computingpower and storage facilities to user work areas,

dynamic routingA type of routing where a host or router talks to adjacent routers to learn whatnetworks each router is connected to. Subsequently, the

entity hierarchyA logical hierarchical tree structures of manageable entities in which child entitiesare below their parent entities. Children can be

FDDISee Fiber Distributed Data Interface.fetch/store operationThe operation of two commands that allow a system manager to fetch a value froma data it

forwarder serverThe name server that processes recursive requests that a slave server cannotresolve locally; has access to the Internet. See also BIND

gatewayA communications device or program that passes data between networks havingsimilar functions but dissimilar implementations. The term router is

heterogeneous networkA network consisting of different network protocols or different operating systemsoftware, such as OpenVMS and UNIX.hierarchical

IETFInternet Engineering Task Force. A large international community of networkdesigners, operators, vendors and researchers concerned with the evolut

previous intermediate system on the route, and passes them on to the destinationend system, or to the next intermediate system on the route.internetA

InterNIC Registration ServicesThe Internet Network Information Center; organization that provides the Internetcommunity with registration, directory,

directory specifications and for a substring specification inan assignment statement.| In command format descriptions, vertical bars separatechoices w

limited use protocolA classification in Internet standards for protocols that are intended for use inlimited circumstances; possibly because of their

Logical Link ControlThe upper portion of the Data Link layer that presents a uniform interface to theuser of the data link service, usually the Intern

maskA means of subdividing networks using address modification. A mask is a dottedquad specifying the bits of the destination that are significant. Ex

mount pointA directory on an NFS client that is associated with a remote file system. Thedirectory must exist before NFS can use it as a mount point.M

neighborAnother router with which implicit or explicit communication is established by arouting protocol. Neighbors are usually on a shared network, b

network diameterThe distance (number of hops) between the two nodes in the network with thegreatest reachability distance. The reachability distance i

NetworkTimeProtocol(NTP)The protocol that ensures accurate local timekeeping with reference to radio andatomic clocks located on the Internet; capable

nslookupThe Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS utility that allows you to interactivelyquery domain name servers (BIND servers) and helps you set up a

a remote system (server) to execute a designated procedure, using suppliedarguments, and the remote system returns the result to the local system.oper

path costThe sum of the circuit costs along a path between two nodes.An OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) protocol metric. See metric and OSPF.path leng

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)A method for transmitting datagrams over serial point-to-point lines where a lineis established between a remote host (us

primary serverA BIND name server that maintains the database for a zone; secondary serverscopy their information from primary servers. Also called pri

protocol stackThe set of functions, one at each layer of the protocol stack, that work together toform a set of network services; each layer of the pr

reassembly timeA routing parameter that can be set to specify the length of time allowed for thereassembly of a message received in fragments. If the

resolverA mechanism or process to correlate a network host name into an appropriatenetwork address in support of network applications; a network name

root nameThe element of a path name that identifies the target file system.root serverAn Internet name server that knows about all of the top-level do

router_idAn IP address used as unique identifier assigned to represent a specific router.This is usually the address of an attached interface.router s

run-time library (RTL)A collection of OpenVMS procedures available to native mode images at run time;provide support routines for high-level language

services databaseThe Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS database created by default thatcontains one entry for each service configured.Simple Mail Tra

socket pairThe client IP address and port number, and the server IP address and port numberthat uniquely identify a TCP connection.sourceThe IP header

1Introducing Compaq TCP/IP Services forOpenVMSThe Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS product is the OpenVMSimplementation of the industry-standard TCP

subnetAn organization of hosts within a network into logical groups. A network canbe comprised of several subnets. The portion of a network, which mig

TCP/IPAn Internet suite of protocols. See also Transmission Control Protocol andInternet Protocol.TELNETAn Internet protocol for remote terminal conne

TheTimeToLive(TTL)ofanIPpacket.Validvaluesarefrom1to255inclusive.time daemonThe program running on a host that synchronizes the host’s hardware clockt

Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)The Internet protocol for file transfer with minimal capability and minimaloverhead. The simple design of the fac

UUCPSee UNIX-to-UNIX Copy Program.virtual circuitThe network service that allows two processes to communicate as if they weredirectly connected, regar

Acronym MeaningASCII American Standard Code for Information InterchangeATM asynchronous transfer modeBBS Bulletin Board SystemBGP Border Gateway Proto

Acronym MeaningMTU maximum transmission unitMX Mail exchangeNAK negative acknowledgmentNFS Network File SystemNIS Network Information ServiceNOC Netwo

Acronym MeaningUDP User Datagram ProtocolUID user identification (UNIX)UTC Coordinated Universal TimeUUCP UNIX-to-UNIX Copy ProgramWAN wide area netwo

IndexAAbsolute domain name,8–3Access control,7–4Accountsremote user,7–4user, 5–11, 6–3tACL (access control list), 2–9definition,2–9ACP (ancillary cont

1.1 Overview of TCP/IP ServicesTCP/IP Services provides support for several protocols at every level of the TCP/IPmodel’s protocol layers.• Data Link

differences between OpenVMS andUNIX, 2–4File structuresdifferences between OpenVMS andUNIX, 2–8File version numbersdifferences between OpenVMS andUNIX

Proxy database, 7–4Pseudointerface,3–6PWIP driver, 1–5PWIPACP,1–5QQIO programming interface , 1–6RR commandsdefinition of, 5–10Remote commands( See R

1.1.1 Data Link LayerAt the base of the TCP/IP layers, the Data Link layer formats data and providesservices that directly access the physical network

1.1.4 Application LayerThe top layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite, the Application layer handles the detailsof the particular application, protocol, o

Electronic Mail ServicesCommunication functions such a electronic mail are vital both within anorganizational internet and across the Internet worldwi

© 2002 Compaq Information Technologies Group, L.P.COMPAQ, the Compaq logo, Alpha, OpenVMS, Tru64, VAX, VMS, and the Compaq logo are trademarks of Comp

• Many application developers are familiar with the programming environment.• In addition to the TCP/IP protocols, there are options for other types o

• Library of RPC function calls• Portmapper service, which is a service that client programs can useto determine the port number that another service

2Understanding OpenVMS and UNIXImplementationsAn important step in planning a network host implementation is to gain anunderstanding of the computing

An open system allows the OpenVMS operating system, whether powered byAlpha or VAX, to interoperate efficiently with Compaq Tru64 UNIX and withother v

access directories and files on remote computers transparently, as if they were onthe local system. NFS accomplishes this because it is implemented on

Figure 2–2: Comparison of UNIX Directory and OpenVMS Directory HierarchiesDBB1 DBB2 DUA0 DUA1 DUA2Tru64 UNIXOpenVMSVM-0897A-AI/bin public usr dev etcn

Table 2–2: File Specification DifferencesOpenVMSUNIXFiles are delimited in the following way:• A colon (:) separates the device fromthe directory.• Sq

Table 2–3: Absolute and Relative File Specification DifferencesOpenVMSUNIXTherelativepathforfilecalc;1indirectoryusr:[jones]is:[.accounting.calc;1]The

Table 2–5: Case-Sensitivity DifferencesOpenVMS (ODS-2)UNIXStores everything in uppercase. Forexample, any case variations of thefollowing file name is

ContentsPreface1 Introducing Compaq TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS1.1Overview of TCP/IPServices ...1–21.1.1D

Table 2–8: Link Files DifferencesOpenVMSUNIXFiles can exist without links. Files cannot exist without links.Hard LinksOpenVMS systems allows you to pe

Table 2–10: File Ownership DifferencesOpenVMSUNIXThe OpenVMS operating system controlsfile ownership and access through a useridentification code (UIC

Table 2–11: Comparison of File Protection (cont.)Protection levels READ (R)WRITE (W)EXECUTE (E) – Controls fileexecution and directory searchaccessDEL

2.4 Determining Which File System to UseThe first step in managing your TCP/IP Services system is to decide which filesystem to use. NFS on OpenVMS en

_____________________ Decision Point _____________________Your file system choice depends on your environment and the user needson the NFS client host

3OpenVMS Server and NetworkConfigurationsThere are several server and network configurations to consider before installingTCP/IP Services for OpenVMS.

Table 3–1: OpenVMS VAX and OpenVMS Alpha Similarities and DifferencesComponent Similarities OpenVMS VAX Differences OpenVMS Alpha DifferencesDIGITAL C

utility, the Librarian utility, the OpenVMS Debugger (also known as the symbolicdebugger), the Delta/XDelta Debugger, and run-time libraries. However,

Each node (as a member of the host configuration in the cluster) retains a separateIP address. This is beneficial for troubleshooting the individual n

3.3.1 Multihomed ComputersIndividual host computers can have multiple network interface cards per computer.Such a computer is called multihomed. These

3.3.1Multihomed Computers ... 3–53.3.2Primary Interface ...

3.3.3 PseudointerfacesTo use extended routing, you can define pseudointerfaces. A pseudointerface isa data structure that extends subnet routing using

• Configuring serial linesFor detailed descriptions of OpenVMS Alpha and VAX similarities and differences,refer to A Comparison of System Management o

4OpenVMS Operating System TCP/IP FeaturesThe OpenVMS operating system contains a number of features that are of specificbenefit to the TCP/IP environm

You can also use UNIX management commands to manage some components ofTCP/IP Services.To use UNIX management commands at the DCL prompt, run the follo

If you are unable to analyze a process dump with the debugger, use the SystemDump Analyzer (SDA) utility. Refer to the ANALYZE/CRASH command in online

4.5 ODS-5 and ODS-2 File StructuresOpenVMS implements On-Disk Structure Level 5 (ODS-5). This structure providesthe basis for creating and storing fil

• Privileged applications that perform filename parsing and need to accessODS-5 file names or volumes should be analyzed to determine whether theyrequ

• Updates the related printcap database.• Creates and starts queues.• Allows you to add commands to the automatic startup and shutdown commandprocedur

• Displaying print queue status• Canceling print jobs• Receiving on local (OpenVMS system) print queues print jobs initiated from auser on a UNIX syst

6.1.2How to Access Mail Messages from the POP Server ... 6–26.1.3How the POP Server Handles Foreign Message Formats ... 6–26.1.4How

Determinewhichprintersyouwanttomakeavailabletoyourservercommunity.Some considerations regarding printers include:•LocationSelect printers that are clo

4.6.5 PC-NFSThe PC-NFS server provides authentication and print services for PCs runningNFS. Users on a PC client can associate the name of the PC pri

5Network Server ServicesThis chapter describes key concepts for the following network server features:• Network Time Protocol (NTP)•Routing• Remote cl

5.1.1 Time Distributed Through a Hierarchy of ServersIn the NTP environment, time is distributed through a hierarchy of NTP timeservers. Each server a

5.1.4 Configuring the Local HostAs the system manager of the local host, you determine which network hosts touse for synchronization and for populatin

5.2.1 Static RoutingBecause static routing requires manual configuration, it is most useful when thenumber of gateways is limited and when routes do n

Table 5–1: GATED Protocols and RFCsProtocol DescriptionDescribedinthisRFCRouting InformationProtocol (RIP) supportsboth Versions 1 and 2RIP is a commo

from among identical routes the one with the lowest reference count. If there ismore than one lowest reference count, it uses the lowest use count.Alt

• A set of rules for delivering client-specific configuration parameters from aDHCP server to a clientThe server and client communicate to accomplish

8.9.2Reverse Zone File ... 8–88.9.3Loopback Interface Files ...

Table 5–2: DHCP IP Address Allocation MethodsMethodApplicable ClientDescriptionDynamic DHCP and BOOTP The DHCP server assigns an IPaddress from an add

5.3.3 Relationship Between DHCP and BOOTPFrom the client’s perspective, DHCP is an extension of the BOOTP functionality.DHCP allows existing BOOTP cli

5.4.1 FTP (File Transfer Protocol)FTP is a TCP/IP standard, high-level protocol used to transfer files bidirectionally.FTP enables users to access fil

• RCP – Allows files to be copied between remote hosts.• RLOGIN — Provides interactive access to remote hosts.• RSH — Passes a command to a remote hos

5.5 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is network managementtechnology that facilitates the manage

Table 5–3: SNMP Components (cont.)SNMP utility programs Acts as a simple client to obtain a set ofvalues for a MIB and to listen for and sendtrap mess

6Mail ServicesMail Services are an extremely important part of TCP/IP Services. Everyone whouses the network — from administrators, to programmers, to

The POP server uses security features provided in the protocol and in theOpenVMS operating system, as well as additional security measures. Thesemetho

Table 6–1: POP User Authorization MethodsMethod DescriptionShared secret password Most secure POP server access method.Initiated by the client system

2–12NFS Server Features Available to Non-OpenVMS Clients ... 2–113–1OpenVMS VAX and OpenVMS Alpha Similarities and Differences .. 3–25–1GATE

Table 6–2: Forwarded POP Mail Messages Header (cont.)From:OpenVMS messageFrom:field. Rebuilt toensure RFC 822 compatibility.To:OpenVMS MailTo:field. N

6.2 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)To be reliable, electronic mail systems must be able to cope with situations inwhich the recipient is temporar

Table 6–4: SMTP Client CommandsCommandDescriptionHELLO Identifies the originating host to the serverhost.Usethe/DOMAINqualifiertoprovidethenameoftheor

protocol as defined in RFC 2060. The supported clients used to access e-mail arePC clients running Microsoft Outlook or Netscape Communicator.By defau

6.3.3 How the IMAP Server Handles Foreign Message FormatsThe IMAP Server determines the correct format for common file types.It does this by checking

client. The same is true forTo:andCC:headers if the user requests that a replybe sent to other listed recipients. Therefore, the IMAP Server rebuilds

For more information about the SET MX_RECORDS command, see the CompaqTCP/IP Services for OpenVMS Management Command Reference guide.6–10 Mail Services

7Connectivity ServicesCompaq TCP/IP Services provides several ways to connect to the network. Thischapter discusses the following connectivity methods

you can configure a PPP interface on your system without knowing your own IPaddress, and you can obtain the IP address when you connect to a remote sy

7.3 Network File System (NFS)The Network File System (NFS) server software lets you set up file systems onyour OpenVMS host for export to users on rem

Each file system is a multilevel directory hierarchy: on OpenVMS systems, thetop level of the directory structure is the master file directory (MFD).

• Identity of the requester as a UID/GID pair• Requested NFS operation and any data associated with the operationThe server searches its proxy databas

• A workstation that has the X Window System software installed and configured• A PC running Windows or Windows NT and some X Window System software,s

Join two existing DECnet networks without renumbering.Run IP-only traffic in part of the backbone and continue usingDECnet applications and user inter

8Domain Name System/BIND (DNS/BIND)TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS software supports the Berkeley Internet NameDomain (BIND) service, which is a popular i

the network. BIND can also provide information on available mail servers andwell-known services for a domain.Based on a client/server model, BIND serv

• Controlling the assignments of the host and domain namesThe domain administrator furnishes users with access to names and name-relatedinformation bo

are easier to keep track of if they are short. The sum of all the label charactersand label lengths cannot exceed 255._________________________ Note _

8.7 BIND Server FunctionsIf a network consists of relatively few hosts, host name to IP address translationscan be accomplished by using a centralized

PrefaceAn open communications standard defined by the worldwide networkingcommunity, TCP/IP consists of numerous application, routing, transport, andn

8.7.2 Master Name ServerThere are two types of master servers: a master name server and a slave nameserver (also called a secondary master name server

8.7.6 Configurations Without Internet AccessYou can run the BIND service on a local network that does not have internetaccess. In this configuration,

_________________________ Note _________________________You should not manually edit the zone database file of a zone that isbeing dynamically updated

IN-ADDR.ARPA zone file for each network represented in the master zone fileincluding the loopback interface.8.9.3 Loopback Interface FilesThe loopback

For More InformationFor detailed information about DNS/BIND, refer to the Compaq TCP/IP Servicesfor OpenVMS Management guide.8–10 Domain Name System/B

9IPv6Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6), as defined in RFC 2460, is the replacementNetwork layer protocol for the Internet and is designed to replace

_________________________ Note _________________________This site lists Internet-Drafts documents, all of which are works inprogress and subject to ch

Away from home, the mobile node sends a home address option to inform thereceiver of its home address enabling the receiver to correctly identify thec

For more information about tunnels refer to Compaq TCP/IP Services forOpenVMS Guide to IPv6.TCP/IP Services Version 5.3 includes support for a new tun

Figure 9–1: Routing IPv6 Traffic from Host A to Host FHost A Host B Host CHost D Host E Host FHost G Host H Host IDepartment ADepartment BDepartment C